Dr. Joseph J. Pignatiello, Jr., Professor Emeritus
Joseph J. Pignatiello, Jr. is a Professor Emeritus and former Professor of Operations Research and Head of the Department of Operational Sciences at the Air Force Institute of Technology. Prior to joining AFIT in 2010, Dr. Pignatiello served for 28 years on the industrial engineering faculties of several civilian universities and was awarded emeritus status from Florida State University. Dr. Pignatiello’s publications have been heavily cited in the literature with some of his papers being among the most-cited in the history of the top scholarly journals in his field. Dr. Pignatiello has won numerous awards for his teaching, research and service.
Dr. Pignatiello has served on the editorial review boards of several leading journals such as Quality Engineering, the Journal of Quality Technology, IIE Transactions and the International Journal of Lean Six Sigma. He is an elected Fellow of both the American Society for Quality and the Institute of Industrial Engineers.
Education
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Ohio State University, 1982
Master of Science (M.S.), Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Ohio State University, 1979
Bachelor of Science (B.S.), Mathematics, University of Massachusetts, 1976
Awards
PROFESSIONAL HONORS AND AWARDS
2015 Award of Appreciation from the Quality Control and Reliability Engineering Division (QCRE) of the Institute of Industrial Engineers
2014 Leadership Excellence Award
2013 Fellow, Institute of Industrial Engineers: In recognition for professional leadership and outstanding contributions to industrial engineering.
2006 Fellow, American Society for Quality: For outstanding leadership in the field of quality engineering as an educator; for innovative and significant research contributions in statistical process control and experiment design; and for distinguished editorial service to the quality profession.
2005 Progress Energy Professional Development Award
2004 Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Advisory Council Certificate of Appreciation
2004 A. D. Welliver Summer Faculty Fellow, The Boeing Company
ACADEMIC HONORS AND AWARDS
2010 Emeritus status awarded by Florida State University
2009 Commendation from the Florida State University Provost and Executive Vice President for Academic Affairs
2003 Selected as a Webstar by Florida State University’s Center for Teaching and Learning
2002 Engineering Education Award, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering
2001 IIE Transactions Best Quality and Reliability Engineering Paper of the Year Award, (co-authors: Venkateshwara Rao and Ralph Disney)
1998 Best Paper Award, Quality Management Conference, Tempe, AZ, February 13-14, 1998 (co-authors: M. Scott Poole and Tina Barr)
1994 The Shewell Award, American Society for Quality Control, Chemical and Process Industries Division, “Process Capability Studies and Indices: Some Fundamental Issues” (co-author: John S. Ramberg)
1994 The Cecil C. Craig Award, American Society for Quality Control, Automotive Division, for “Process Capability Indices: Just Say NO!” (co-author: John S. Ramberg) which was judged as a significant contribution to the advancement of quality control in the automotive industry
1992 Recognized by the Industrial Engineering students as a Most Valuable Professor, Student Chapter, Institute of Industrial Engineering, Department of Industrial Engineering, Texas A&M University
1991 The Ellis R. Ott Foundation Award, The Ellis R. Ott Foundation, for an excellent research paper in the area of quality improvement, “Top Ten Triumphs and Tragedies of Genichi Taguchi” (co-author: John S. Ramberg)
1991 Old Gold Fellowship, University of Iowa
1990 The Ellis R. Ott Foundation Research Award, The Ellis R. Ott Foundation, “Adaptive Sampling for Process Control” (co-author: George C. Runger)
1990 The University of Iowa Collegiate Teaching Award
1987 Teaching Excellence Citation, Student Voice, University of Arizona
1985 Award of Excellence, Institute of Industrial Engineers, Chapter Development Program for the University of Arizona
1978 Alpha Pi Mu, Industrial Engineering Honor Society
1976 B.S. awarded Magna Cum Laude from the University of Massachusetts
Publications
REFEREED JOURNAL ARTICLES
Atkinson, Andrew D., Hill, Raymond R., Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., White, Edward D., Chicken, Eric, and Vining, Geoffrey, G., “Wavelet ANOVA Bisection Method for Identifying Simulation Model Bias,” Simulation Modeling Practice and Theory, Vol. 80, pp. 66-74, 2018.
Atkinson, Andrew D., Hill, Raymond R., Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., Vining, G. Geoffrey, White, Edward, D., “Dynamic Model Validation Metric Based on Wavelet Thresholded Signals”, Journal of Verification, Validation and Uncertainty Quantification, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 021002-1-021002-10, 2017.
Storm Scott, Hill, Raymond R., Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., White Edward, D., and Vining, Geoffrey G., “F-Statistic for Model Validation over Experimental Regions Using Least Squares Response Surfaces,” International Journal of Experimental Design and Process Optimisation, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 133-150, 2017.
Atkinson, Andrew D., Hill, Raymond R., Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., White, Edward D., Chicken, Eric, and Vining, Geoffrey, G., “Wavelet ANOVA Approach to Model Validation,” Simulation Modeling Practice and Theory, Vol. 78, pp. 18-27, 2017.
Storm, Scott M., Hill, Raymond R., Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., White, Edward, A. and Vining, Geoffrey, G., “Model Validation of Functional Responses Across Experimental Regions Using Functional Regression Extensions to the CORA Objective Rating System,” Journal of Verification, Validation and Uncertainty Quantification, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 041004-1:9, 2017.
McGinnity, Kelly, Chicken, Eric and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "Nonparametric Changepoint Estimation for Sequential Nonlinear Profile Monitoring," Quality and Reliability Engineering International, Vol. 31, pp. 57-73, doi:10.1002/qre.1657, 2015.
Wolf, Sean E., Hill, Raymond R. and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "Analysis of an Intervention for Small Unmanned Aerial System (SUAS) Accidents: A Case Study Involving Simpson’s Paradox," Quality Engineering, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 161-167, DOI: 10.1080/08982112. 2014.928728, 2015.
Dougherty, Shane A., Simpson, James R., Hill, Raymond, R., Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr. and White, Edward D., "Effect of Heredity and Sparsity on Second-Order Screening Design Performance," Quality and Reliability Engineering International, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 355-368, doi: 10.1002/qre.1595, 2015.
Freels, Jason K., Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., Warr, Richard L. and Hill, Raymond R., "Bridging the Gap between Quantitative and Qualitative Accelerated Life Tests," Quality and Reliability Engineering International, Vol. 31, No. 5, pp. 789-800, doi:10.1002/qre.1636, 2015.
Wolf, Sean E., Hill, Raymond R. and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "Using Neural Networks and Logistic Regression to Model Small Unmanned Aerial System Accident Results for Risk Mitigation," Military Operations Research, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 27-39, http://dx.doi.org/10.5711/1082598319327, 2014.
Dougherty, Shane A., Simpson, James R., Hill, Raymond, R., Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr. and White, Edward D., "Augmentation of Definitive Screening Designs (DSD+)," International Journal of Experimental Design and Process Optimisation, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 91-115, 2014.
Dougherty, Shane A., Simpson, James R., Hill, Raymond, R., Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr. and White, Edward D., "Nonlinear Screening Designs for Defense Testing: An Overview and Case Study," Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 335-342, doi:10.1177/1548512914542523, 2014.
Storm, Scott M., Hill, Raymond R. and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "A Response Surface Methodology for Modeling Time Series Response Data," Quality and Reliability Engineering International, Vol. 29, No. 5, pp. 771-778, 2013. doi:10.1002/qre.1427
Perry, Marcus B. and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "Identifying the Time of Change in a Normal Process Mean with Two-Stage Nested Samples," Journal of Applied Statistics, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 419-433, 2012.
Perry, Marcus B., Mercado, Gary R. and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "Phase II Monitoring of Covariance Stationary Autocorrelated Processes," Quality and Reliability Engineering International, Vol. 27, pp. 35-45, 2011.
Perry, Marcus B. and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "Estimating the Time of Step Change with Poisson CUSUM and EWMA Control Charts," International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 49, No. 10, pp. 2857-2871, 2011.
Perry, Marcus B. and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "Identifying the Time of a Step Change in the Mean of Stationary Autocorrelated Processes," Journal of Applied Statistics, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 119-136, 2010.
Acosta-Mejia, César A. and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "Run Sum R Charts with Fast Initial Response," Communications in Statistics – Simulation and Computation, Vol. 39, No. 5, pp. 921-932, 2010.
Guo, Yong, Simpson, James R. and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "Optimal Foldover Plans for Mixed-Level Fractional Factorial Designs," Quality and Reliability Engineering International, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 449-466, 2009.
Wesley, Wayne R., Simpson, James R., Parker, Peter A. and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "Analytical Characterization of the Information Matrix for Split Plot Designs," Communications in Statistics – Theory and Methods, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 90-102, 2009.
Wesley, Wayne R., Simpson, James R., Parker, Peter A. and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "Maximum and Minimum Prediction Variance for Spherical and Cuboidal Split Plot Designs," Communications in Statistics – Theory and Methods, Vol. 38, No. 13, pp. 2251-2266, 2009.
Acosta-Mejia, César A. and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "The Design of S Charts with the k-of-k Runs Rule," Communications in Statistics – Simulation and Computation, Vol. 38, No. 8, pp. 1625-1639, 2009. DOI: 10.1080/03610910903068159
Guo, Yong, Simpson, James R. and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "Deciphering All Those Minimum Aberration Criteria for Experimental Designs," Quality Engineering, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 432-445, 2009.
Wesley, Wayne R., Simpson, James R., Parker, Peter A. and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "Exact Calculation of Integrated Prediction Variance for Response Surface Designs on Cuboidal and Spherical Regions," Journal of Quality Technology, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 165-180, 2009.
Chicken, Eric, Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr. and Simpson, James, R., "Statistical Profile Monitoring of Nonlinear Profiles Using Wavelets," Journal of Quality Technology, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 198-212, 2009.
Guo, Yong, Simpson, James R. and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "The General Balance Metric for Mixed-Level Fractional Factorial Designs," Quality and Reliability Engineering International, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 335-344, 2009.
Wesley, Wayne R., Simpson, James R., Parker, Peter A. and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "Prediction Variance and G-Criterion Location for Split Plot Designs," Quality and Reliability Engineering International, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 381-395, 2009.
Acosta-Mejia, César A. and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "Modified R Charts for Improved Performance," Quality Engineering, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 361-369, 2008.
Perry, Marcus B. and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "A Change Point Model for the Location Parameter of Exponential Family Densities," IIE Transactions, Vol. 40, No. 10, pp. 947-956, 2008.
Perry, Marcus B., Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr. and Simpson, James R., "Change Point Estimation for Monotonically Changing Poisson Rates in SPC," International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 45, No. 8, pp. 1791-1813, 2007.
Guo, Yong, Simpson, James R. and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "Construction of Efficient Mixed-Level Fractional Factorial Designs," Journal of Quality Technology, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 241-257, 2007.
Perry, Marcus B., Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr. and Simpson, James R., "Estimating the Change Point of the Process Fraction Nonconforming with a Monotonic Change Disturbance in SPC," Quality and Reliability Engineering International, Vol. 23, No.3, pp. 327-339, 2007.
Perry, Marcus B., Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr. and Simpson, James R., "A Magnitude-Robust Control Chart for Monitoring and Estimating Step Changes in a Poisson Rate Parameter," International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 1-20, 2007.
Perry, Marcus B., Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr. and Simpson, James R., "Estimating the Change Point of a Poisson Rate Parameter with a Linear Trend Disturbance," Quality and Reliability Engineering International, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 371-384, 2006.
Perry, Marcus B. and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "Estimation of the Change Point of a Normal Process Mean with a Linear Trend Disturbance in SPC," Quality Technology and Quantitative Management, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 325-334, 2006.
Nedumaran, G. and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "On Constructing Retrospective Xbar Control Chart Limits," Quality and Reliability Engineering International, Vol. 21, pp. 81-89, 2005.
Perry, Marcus B. and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "Estimating the Change Point of the Process Fraction Nonconforming in SPC Applications," International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 95-110, 2005.
Ortiz, Francisco, Simpson, James R., Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr. and Heredia-Langner, Alejandro, "A Genetic Algorithm Approach to Multiple Response Optimization," Journal of Quality Technology, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 432-450, 2004.
Timmer, Douglas H. and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "Change Point Estimates for the Parameters of an AR(1) Process," Quality and Reliability Engineering International, Vol. 19, pp. 355-369, 2003.
Acosta-Mejia, César A., Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr. and Simpson, James R., "Monitoring the Variability of Symmetric Processes," International Journal of Industrial Engineering, June 2002.
Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr. and Simpson, James R., "A Magnitude-Robust Control Chart for Monitoring and Estimating Step Changes for Normal Process Means," Quality and Reliability Engineering International, Vol. 18, 429-441, 2002.
Samuel, Thomas R. and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "Estimation of the Change Point of a Normal Process Mean in SPC Applications," Journal of Quality Technology, Vol. 33, pp. 82-95, 2001.
Samuel, Thomas R., and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "Identifying the Time of a Step Change in the Process Fraction Nonconforming," Quality Engineering, Vol.13, pp. 357-365, 2001.
Nedumaran, Gunabushanam and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "On Estimating Xbar Control Chart Limits," Journal of Quality Technology, Vol. 33, pp. 206-212, 2001.
Rao, B. Venkateshwara, Disney, Ralph L. and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "Uniqueness and Convergence of Solutions to ARL Integral Equations in CUSUM and Other Control Charts," IIE Transactions, Vol. 33, pp. 463-469, 2001.
Acosta-Mejia, César A. and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "Monitoring Process Dispersion Without Subgrouping," Journal of Quality Technology, Vol. 32, pp. 89-102, 2000.
Nedumaran, Gunabushanam and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "Identifying the Time of a Step-Change with Chi-Squared Control Charts," Quality Engineering, Vol. 13, pp. 153-159, 2000.
Nedumaran, Gunabushanam and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "On Constructing T 2 Control Charts for Retrospective Examination," Communications in Statistics – Simulation and Computations, Vol. 29, pp 621-632, 2000.
Timmer, Douglas H. and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "Applying an AR(1) CUSUM Control Chart to Data from a Chemical Process," Quality Engineering, Vol. 13, pp. 107-114, 2000.
Acosta-Mejia, César A., Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr. and Rao, B. Venkateshwara, "A Comparison of Control Charting Procedures for Monitoring Process Dispersion," IIE Transactions, Vol. 31, pp. 569-579, 1999.
Nedumaran, Gunabushanam and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "On Constructing T 2 Control Charts for On-line Process Monitoring," IIE Transactions, Vol. 31, pp. 529-536, 1999.
Samuel, Thomas R., Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr. and Calvin, James A., "Identifying the Time of a Step Change With Xbar Control Charts," Quality Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 521-527, 1998.
Samuel, Thomas R., Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr. and Calvin, James A., "Identifying the Time of a Step Change in a Normal Process Variance," Quality Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 529-538, 1998.
Nedumaran, Gunabushanam and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "Diagnosing Signals from T 2 and chi-squared Multivariate Control Charts," Quality Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 657-667, 1998.
Samuel, Thomas R. and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "Identifying the Time of a Step Change in a Poisson Rate Parameter," Quality Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 673-681, 1998.
Timmer, Douglas H., Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr. and Longnecker, Michael T., "The Development and Evaluation of CUSUM-based Control Charts for an AR(1) Process," IIE Transactions, Vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 525-534, 1998.
Chiu, Chih-Chiu, Cook, Deborah F., Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr. and Whittaker, A. D., "Design of a Radial Basis Function Neural Network with a Radius Modification Algorithm Using Response Surface Methodology," Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 117-124, 1997.
Chiu, Chih-Chiu, Cook, Deborah F. and Pignatiello, Joseph J. Jr., "Radial Basis Function Neural Network For Kraft Pulping Forecasting," International Journal of Industrial Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 209-215, 1995. Errata: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 7 and 9, 1996.
Buck, James R., Raz, Tzvi and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "Bayesian Poisson Rate Estimation Using Parameter Maps," IIE Transactions, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 405-412, 1995.
Wild, Rosemary H. and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "Finding Stable System Designs: A Reverse Simulation Technique," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 37, No. 10, pp. 87-98, 1994.
Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "Strategies for Robust Multiple Response Quality Engineering," IIE Transactions, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 5-15, 1993.
Pignatiello, Joseph, J., Jr. and Ramberg, John S., "The Top-Ten Triumphs and Tragedies of Genichi Taguchi," Quality Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 221-225, 1991-92.
Runger, George C. and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "Adaptive Sampling for Process Control," Journal of Quality Technology, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 135-155, 1991.
Wild, Rosemary H. and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "An Experimental Design Strategy for Designing Robust Systems Using Discrete-Event Simulation," Simulation, Vol. 57, No. 6, pp. 358-368, 1991.
Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr. and Runger, George C., "A Comparison of Some Multivariate CUSUM Schemes," Journal of Quality Technology, Vol. 22, pp. 173-186, 1990.
Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr. and Tsai, Amos, "Optimal Design of Xbar Control Charts When Cost Model Parameters are Not Precisely Known," IIE Transactions, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 103-110, 1988.
Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "An Overview of the Taguchi Strategy and Tactics," IIE Transactions, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 247-254, 1988.
Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "Enumerating Maximal-Order Abelian Groups Within a Set of Eligible Elements," Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computation, pp. 99-114, May 1987.
Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "A Computer Program for Allocating Observations in the Balanced Random Effects One-Way Analysis of Variance," Journal of Quality Technology, Vol. 19, pp. 221-228, 1987.
Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "Allocating Observations in the Random Effects One-Way ANOVA," Journal of Quality Technology, Vol. 19, pp. 216-220, 1987.
Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., "A Minimum Cost Approach for Finding Fractional Factorials," IIE Transactions, Vol. 17, pp. 212-218, 1985.
Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr. and Ramberg, John S., "Off-Line Quality Control, Parameter Design, and the Taguchi Method – A Discussion," Journal of Quality Technology, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 198-206, 1985.
BOOK CHAPTERS
Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr. and Ramberg, John S., “Process Capability: Engineering and Statistical Issues,” Chapter 19 of Statistical Applications in Process Control and Experiment Design, edited by J. Bert Keats and Douglas C. Montgomery, Marcel Dekker, pp. 407-433, 1996.
Sanchez, Susan M., Ramberg, John S., Fiero, Janet and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., “Quality by Design,” Chapter 10 of Concurrent Engineering: Automation, Tools and Techniques, edited by Andrew N. Kusiak, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 235-286, 1993.
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
Wirthlin, J. Robert, Homan, Jeremy J., Parker, Carissa M. and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., “Cleared for Takeoff: Lean Recommendations Could Streamline Approvals Required for Flight Testing,” Industrial Engineer, Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 26-31, 2013.
Industrial Engineering at The Boeing Company: Welliver Summer Faculty Fellowship Final Report, 2005.
Engineering Economic Analysis Exam File, edited by D. G. Newnan, Engineering Press, Inc., San Jose, CA, 1995, contributed 20 pages.
Ortiz, Luz M. and Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., “Statistical Process Control,” Undergraduate Summer Research Programs, Texas A&M University, pp. 140-148, 1993.
Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., “Multiple Response Quality Engineering – Final Report,” University of Iowa, Old Gold Fellowship Program, 1991.
Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., “Research Initiation: Industrial Process Experimentation For Discriminating Among Rival Models Involving Qualitative Factors – Final Report,” National Science Foundation, DMC-8404888, 1986.
Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., “Review of ‘The Economic Analysis of Capital Investments for Managers and Engineers’, by G. T. Stevens,” Industrial Engineering, Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 119-120, 1985.
Engineering Economy Exam File, edited by D. G. Newnan, Engineering Press, Inc., San Jose, CA, 1984, contributed 20 pages.
Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., “Cost-Optimal Fractional Factorial Designs: A Methodology for Designing Experiments,” Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1982. Dissertation Advisor: Dr. Clark A. Mount-Campbell.
Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., “Computational Aspects of Selecting Cost-Optimal Two-Level Fractional Factorial Experimental Designs,” M.S. Thesis, The Ohio State University, 1979. Thesis Advisor: Dr. Clark A. Mount-Campbell.
Buckalew, Allen G., Mount-Campbell, Clark A., Racster, Jane L., Pignatiello, Joseph J., Jr., Seiden, Richard and Tanck, Rudolph, “The Impact of Measured Telephone Rates on Telephone Usage of Government and Nonprofit Organizations,” The National Regulatory Research Institute, The Ohio State University, 1979.